![]() (1994) allows the modeling of the cumulative infiltration process, from which the hydraulic parameters can be estimated. The analytical equation proposed by Haverkamp et al. These findings provide quantitative insights that rational urban morphology planning can improve stormwater management and promote urban sustainability in megacities.Įstimating of soil sorptivity ( S ) and saturated hydraulic conductivity ( K s ) parameters by field infiltration tests are widespread due to the ease of the experimental protocol and data treatment. The results indicated that (1) the landscape shape index, slope, green space ratio and waterbody ratio were the most important influencing factors determining urban flooding, with a total relative contribution of 67.23%, (2) building metrics had a certain impact on urban flooding, and the sum of the relative contribution can reach 21.03%, (3) with urban flooding density, the landscape shape index, slope, and green space ratio exhibited a combination of negative and positive correlation, and (4) an enhancement effect existed between building metrics, especially the building congestion degree and building density. Taking Beijing, a typical megacity, as a case study area, we quantified the importance of building patterns and their interaction effect at the subwatershed scale using the boosted regression tree (BRT) and geographical detector model (GeoD). However, the influence of building patterns on urban flooding remains limited. Thus, it is fundamental and crucial to investigate the dominant influencing factors for the mitigation of urban flooding. Rapid urbanization and global climate change are likely to exacerbate urban flooding intensity, frequency, and uncertainty. From an island-wide perspective the calculated extra hydrological input is only small due to the limited spatial extent of elevated forest, however, the additional water is likely to be very important to local hydrological processes and the unique plants, insects and animals which inhabit the higher elevation forests of Norfolk Island. Cloud interception accounted for approximately 20% of total water input at both sites which is equivalent to 25% extra water on top of rainfall measured in the open. Rainfall rarely occurred in the absence of low-level cloud and some cloud immersion events lasted for many days with hydrologic inputs continuing for extended periods despite rainfall not being observed in the open. Stemflow contributions of 48% far exceed observations from the literature which are typically less than 10%. Both sites showed similar hydrological behaviour with stemflow and throughfall of around 48% and 32%, respectively. Sites exhibited very high stem density and basal area by international standards and delivery of water to the forest floor was dominated by stemflow because of the funnelling characteristics of the dominant palm and pine trees. ![]() Instrumentation included throughfall and stemflow systems and measurements of rainfall in the open in nearby clearings. To address this, a field measurement campaign was established to measure hydrological inputs to the forest floor at two elevated forest sites in the Norfolk Island National Park. ![]() This water is likely to be important for the local hydrology and ecology, yet it has never been quantified. ![]() The higher elevation forests of Norfolk Island are regularly immersed in the clouds and scientific and anecdotal evidence suggests that in addition to rainfall, water is likely to be collected as cloud droplets are intercepted by the forest canopy. ![]()
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